115

Fig. 9.5

Fig. 9.5  Fractals (Yami89, CC

BY-SA 3.0). (https://upload.

wikimedia.org/wikipedia/

commons/d/d2/M2_1024.png)

Benoit Mandelbrot

Benoit Mandelbrot (20.11.1924–14.10.2010) was born in Warsaw. As an intelligent Jew

he had to flee from Poland to Paris in 1936, first learning mathematics from his uncle

Szolem Mandelbrojt. He then lived with his family in Tulle, undetected by the Nazis. He

was able to return to Paris to study at the École Polytechnique from 1944, and at the

California Institute of Technology from 1947 to 1949, graduating with a master’s degree

in aeronautics (aircraft design). He received his PhD in mathematics from the University

of Paris in 1952, and was a CNRS member (French national researcher) from 1949. He

was an IBM Fellow from 1958 and did research there for 35 years, although there were

also stays at Harvard and many other scientific honours during this time.

9.5

­

1975

1982

­

Leroy Hood

Leroy Edward Hood (born October 10, 1938 in Missoula, Montana) is an American sys­

tems biologist. B.Sc. degree from the California Institute of Technology (1960), medical

9.5  Pioneers of Systems Science